Google gave up dug USD 11.6 Billion For Chicken

It is common knowledge that Google always pamper their employees with a variety of facilities so that they are comfortable working. Ranging from sports facilities, washing clothes, booths nap free to eat as much, just select. 

For all the free meals provided by Google, about Google spent how much it costs to supply food to tens of thousands of employees as much? 

Business Insider interviewed the former head of Google's executive chef, Nate Keller. He left Google in 2008, at that time Google had 19,000 employees. Unfortunately he did not know the condition of the kitchen of Google now. 

But when he worked there, Keller said he had to manage a team of 675 kitchen workers. He said that the current Google kitchen to serve 40,000 meals every day. Even to buy chicken alone, Google spent $ 1 million per month or approximately USD 11.6 billion (US $ exchange rate = USD 11,600). 

Further mentioned, in 2008 Google spent about $ 20 per employee per day for meals, or about $ 80 million per year to the cost of food alone. Now, the cost has been much higher likelihood. 

Keller now works as a chef at a food delivery startup, Sprig. He also reveals what it was like to pioneer one of the largest companies in the world kitchen. 

"I work at Google in 2002 At that time there were 400 employees and only 11 in the kitchen. From then until 2008, we have prepared more than 40,000 meals a day and has 675 employees in the kitchen," he told Business Insider. 

Keller went on to become the executive chef when his boss, Charlie Ayers, resigned in 2005 According to Keller, he got hired 7 executive chef kitchen to serve Google. 

"Google is growing so fast.'s Like entrepreneurial boot camp," said Keller. 

He also had to work closely with local farmers and suppliers to ensure the products he needs are met and to run the kitchen.

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Google Prepare Special Services Children

Google is reportedly preparing to launch a special service for the children. Google's new buzz that children can more freely use various services companies, including email and YouTube. 

According to the website Mashable, Wednesday (20/08/2014), with this particular service, the children can make their own Google account for the first time. Currently Google implement a minimum age limit of 13 years to be able to use its services in the United States. 

Citing a report from The Information, new measures also will allow users from accessing YouTube among young people with the version of 'child safe'. 

For that Google asks users reveal their age when making a Google account on Android devices. In addition, parents will have a special application that can monitor their children's activity on Google services. 

This new step is considered to grow the user base of Google drastically, especially among children of the digital activity was monitored by their parents. Currently children under the age estimated to have access to Google's services through a variety of means 'forbidden'. 

While reports on the company's plans have been circulated widely, Google reluctant to respond. "We do not want to comment on rumors or speculation," said Google spokesman told Mashable.

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iPhone 6 Only Equipped with 1GB of RAM?

Rumors iPhone 6 release increasingly turbulent. A number of previous rumors mentioned that the latest generation of Apple's smartphone will be present at next September along with the features and specifications of qualified brings. 

However, a new leak that comes from China is actually believed would make Apple fans disappointed. 

Reported by MacRumors page, Wednesday (08/20/2014), Apple partner companies servicing device from China, Geekbar, reportedly posted a leaked document related to the iPhone 6 in social networks Sina Weibo. The contents of the leaked documents is quite surprising, only mentioned the iPhone 6 will be equipped with 1GB of RAM memory. 


Surely this is a leak which makes many people disappointed. If true, this means that Apple is not doing significantly upgraded specs on the iPhone 6 Because 1GB RAM is also used on the Apple iPhone 5, iPhone iPhone 5S and 5C. 

Though the iPhone 6 is predicted to be equipped with the latest A8 processor Apple. The new processor has a speed of up to 2 GHz dual-core 20nm 64-bit. Speed ​​is increased dramatically compared to the Apple A7 processor is only 1.3 GHz. 

In addition, it shows Apple dropping of the pesaingya that carries the Android platform. Samsung Galaxy S5 and HTC M8 for example, a second flagship smartphone that has adopted 2GB of RAM.

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Removal of Fuel Subsidy Rated emphasis Upcoming Government

Policy restrictions on the sale of subsidized fuel as solar restrictions which were introduced some time ago considered to be effective in suppressing the subsidy which has been a burden in the State Budget (Budget). 

Executive Director of the Center of Reform on Economics (CORE) Indonesia, said Hendri Saparini, restrictions on the supply of subsidized fuel will also make inflation rise, the same as the government reduce or eliminate fuel subsidies. 

"By limiting supply, if I were it not fit. Trimming supply increase inflation although definitely not planned and designed to increase inflation," he said in CORE Discussion Media, in Tebet, South Jakarta, Wednesday (20/08/2014). 

However, according to him is very unfair if the next government was forced to abolish fuel subsidies, causing a rise in inflation which will have an impact on slowing economic growth. 

"We agreed the fuel subsidy has been taking a large portion of the state budget, but this is a mistake for many years. Government to come must be very heavy," he said. 

Therefore, if the government wants to reduce or eliminate fuel subsidies will also be accompanied by policies that are fair to the people that are not too heavy face pengingkatan inflation. 

"So how to make the design of a fair policy. Policy and often unfair, as Raskin should be allocated to the 25 million households, but that may just 15.5 million. Anyway do not get distracted buying power. The when, depends on what policy options are offered . Goal we reduce the burden on the state budget without burdening the people, "he said

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Study: Money Can Buy Happiness by Terms

Believe it or not, it turns out money really can buy everything including happiness. A recent study held by Dr. Miriam Tatzel from the State University of New York proves money can buy happiness if your income amounted to 45 thousand pounds sterling, or approximately USD 879.8 million per year (rate: USD 19 552 / US $). 

Citing Dailymail.co.uk page on Tuesday (19/08/2014), when income per year for it, you will enjoy life more focus. But if his income is still less than that number, the employee will live after money only. 

The research found that employees who earn more easier to find out what makes him happy. The employee will also have a strong relationship and other positive experiences. 

"Prosperity emotionally increases according to the level of your income," said Tatzel. 

A number of communities are extremely rich even difficult to define a standard of success achieved by others. These conditions make other people try to pursue it by working harder and spending more money. 

"When in fact, appropriate to meet the needs of income, which is not too hard to work and reduce the amount of consumption can shape the environment and character of a better society," he concluded. 

In fact, shopping expensive things can make a person feel happy. In addition, psychological factors such as the fulfillment of daily needs, have a great social life and self can make a person feel happier. 

"It also can make a person avoid debt and can buy whatever they want, they can be really happy," he said.

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Indofood Reach USD 63 Billion of Funds Selling Shares Nissinmas

PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk (INDF) removing the 49 per cent stake in PT to Nissin Foods Holdings Nissinmas Co. 

The number of shares was 11,720,555 equivalent shares of the total shares issued by PT Nissin Foods Holdings Nissinmas to Co. The sale of shares was based on the conditional sale and purchase agreement signed on August 20, 2014. 

"The transaction will be carried out at an agreed price that is $ 5.42 million (approximately USD 63.64 billion, assuming a rate of Rp 11,704 per dollar the United States," said Director of PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk, Werianty Setiawan, the disclosure of information submitted to the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), Wednesday (20/08/2014). 

The transaction will be completed after the fulfillment of the required conditions, among others, the approval of the Indonesian Investment Coordinating Board and the approval of the General Meeting of Shareholders of PT Nissinmas. 

The transaction is not a material transaction as stipulated in the Regulation of the Capital Market Supervisory Agency and Financial Institution (Bapepam-​​LK) No. IX / E / 2 of the material transactions and changes in key business activities. 

In addition, the transaction is also not an affiliated transaction and conflict of interest as provided in the regulations IX.E.1.

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UNDERSTANDING BUSINESS BY EXPERTS

 

   In economics, business is an organization that sells goods or services to consumers or other businesses, for a profit. Historically the business of the English word business, busy from the word which means "busy" in the context of the individual, community, or society. In that sense, busy with activities and work that generates revenue. 

     In capitalist economies, where most businesses are owned by private parties, business set up to make a profit and increase the prosperity of their owners. The owner and operator of a business get rewarded according to the time, effort, or capital they provide. But not all businesses pursuing this advantage, such as business co-operative that aims to improve the welfare of all its members or government institution that aims to improve the welfare of the people. This business model contrasts with the socialistic system, in which large businesses are mostly owned by the government, the public, or unions.

     Etymologically, the business means a state in which a person or group of people busy melkakukan jobs that generate profits. The word "business" itself has three uses, depending skupnya - singular use of the word can refer to business entities, namely the unity of the juridical (legal), technical, economical and aiming for profit or gain. Wider use can refer to a particular market sector, such as "television business." Most widespread use refers to all activities undertaken by community providers of goods and services. Nevertheless, the definition of "business" right is still a matter of debate to this day.

Here are a few definitions Business According to the experts: 

1. Huat, Chwee T (1990) 

Business in the broadest sense is a general term that describes all of the activities and institutions that produce goods and services in everyday life. Business as a system that produces goods and services to satisfy the needs of the community (bussinessis then simply a system that produces goods and service to satisfy the needs of our society. 

2 Steinford (1979) 

Business is an institution the which produces goods and services DEMANDED by people. "That business is an organization that produces goods and services required by the community. If the community needs to increase, the agency will also increase business development to meet those needs, while gaining profits. 

3 Griffin and Ebert (1996) 

"Business is all Reviews those activities INVOLVED in providing the goods and services needed or Desired by people". In this sense as a business activity that provides goods or services needed or desired by the consumer. Can be done by corporate organizations that have a legal entity, a company that has business entities, and individuals who do not have the legal entities and business entities such as street vendors, food stalls do not have a location permit (SITU) and Business Permit (License) and other informal business.

4. Hughes and Kapoor 

"Business is an organization that provides goods or services in order toearn in profit". In line with this definition, business activities through the provision of goods and services intended to generate profit (profit). A company is said to produce a profit if total revenue on a period (Total Revenues) is greater than the total cost (Total Costs) in the same period. Profit is the main attraction for the conduct of business activities, so through profit businesses can develop scale efforts to promote greater profits. 

5. Allan Afuah (2004) 

"Business is the organized effort of individuals to produce and sell for a provit, the goods and services that satisfy societies needs. The general terms of business refer to all such Efforts within a society or within an industry. That business is an individual business activities organized to produce and sell goods and services in order to gain advantage in meeting the needs of the community and in the industry. People who seek money and time to take the risk in running a business called Entrepreneur. 

6. Glos, Steade and Lowry (1996) 

Business is a set of activities undertaken to create a way to develop and transform various power cracked into goods or services that consumers want. 

7 Musselman and Jackson (1992) 

Is the sum of all activities organized by people who have been in the field of commerce and industry that provide goods and services to the need to maintain and improve standards and the quality of their lives. 

8. Mahmud Machfoed 

Business is a trading business conducted by a group of people organized to gain profit by producing and selling goods or services to meet the needs of consumers. 

9 Brown and Petrello (1976) 

"Business is an institution the which produces goods and service DEMANDED by people." That business is an organization that produces goods and services required by the community. If the community needs to increase, the agency will also increase business development to meet those needs, while gaining profits. 

10 Steinford (1979) 

"Business is all Reviews those activities INVOLVED in providing the goods and services needed or Desired by people." In this sense as a business activity that provides goods or services needed or desired by the consumer. Can be done by corporate organizations who have a legal entity, a company that has business entities, and individuals who do not have a legal entity or business entity such as street vendors, food stalls do not have a location permit (SITU) and Business Permit (License) and other informal business. 

11. Griffin and Ebert (1996) 

"Business is an organization that provides goods or services in order to earn in profit." History with the definition, business activities through the provision of goods and services aimed at generating prifit or (profit). A company is said to produce a profit if total revenue on a period (Total Revenues) is greater than the total cost (Total Costs) in the same period. Profit is the main attraction for the conduct of business activities, so through profit businesses can develop scale efforts to promote greater profits. 

12. Hughes and Kapoor 

"Business is the organized effort of individuals to produce and sell for a profit, the good and services that satisfy societies needs. The general terms of business refer to all such Efforts within an industry. That business is a an individual business activities organized to produce and sell goods and services in order to gain advantage in meeting the needs of society and in industry. People who mengusahan money and time to take the risk in running a business called Entrepreneur. 

13. Allan Affuah (2004) 

Business is a set of activities undertaken to create a way to develop and transform the resources into goods or services that consumers want. 

14. Glos, Steade and Lowry (1996) 

Is the sum of all activities organized by people who have been in the field of commerce and industry that provide goods and services to the need to maintain and improve standards and the quality of their lives. 

15. Musselman and Jackson (1992) 

An activity that meets the needs and economic communities and the company is organized to engage in such activities.

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Microsoft Says to Uninstall August Patch Updates, Causing 'Blue Screen of Death' Monday

Microsoft on Friday quietly urged its users to uninstall the most recent round of security updates, after reports emerged that it crippled their computers with the infamous “Blue Screens of Death” (BSoD), which is really a matter of shame for one of the largest technology giants.

Microsoft released security updates on its August Patch Tuesday that addressed privilege escalation vulnerabilities but an apparent font cache clearing issue caused Windows boxes to turn the colour of the screen to Blue.
The tech giant forced to make this decision after hundreds of complaints, regarding the infamous Blue Screen of Death error, were sent to the company. This was not the only update to be made last week.

The offending Microsoft patch identified as MS 14-045, one of the nine updates which fixes three security issues including one in the Windows kernel - the heart of the operating system - can cause system crashes forcing users to reboot it.
Soon after the initial release of the patch, the issue surfaced on Microsoft’s support forum with a post from a member named Xformer complaining of "Stop 0x50 errors," aka blue screen after applying any of four updates (KB2982791 KB2970228 KB2975719 or KB2975331).

If you update your Windows with the update, a message flashed on the screen that reads: “Your PC ran into a problem and needs to restart. We’re just collecting some error info and then we’ll restart for you (0% complete).”

"Installation went smoothly. After rebooting everything worked fine. But when I shut down my notebook and switched it on a little later it came up with a blue screen with a Stop 0x50 in Win32k.sys. I could not even boot into safe mode as Windows failed to start no matter which mode chose", Xformer explained on Microsoft's support discussion forum.

The vast majority of complaints came from the users running Windows 7 PCs with the 64bit version, and as a response, Microsoft published a FAQ for the update which includes an official and detailed explanation stated:

“Microsoft revised this bulletin to address known issues associated with installation of security update 2982791. Microsoft is investigating behavior associated with the installation of this update, and will update this bulletin when more information becomes available. Microsoft recommends that customers uninstall this update.”

An additional precaution from the company’s side is that it has removed the download links to the 2982791 security update. How to uninstall this update, see Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 2982791.

Microsoft asserts that investigations are ongoing, following the instructions to uninstall the updates. According to the company, the issue could also be the result of three prior updates, from which #3 is the most severe:

KNOWN ISSUE 3
Microsoft is investigating behavior in which systems may crash with a 0x50 Stop error message (bugcheck) after any of the following updates are installed:

2982791 MS14-045: Description of the security update for kernel-mode drivers: August 12, 2014
2970228 Update to support the new currency symbol for the Russian ruble in Windows
2975719 August 2014 update rollup for Windows RT 8.1, Windows 8.1, and Windows Server 2012 R2
2975331 August 2014 update rollup for Windows RT, Windows 8, and Windows Server 2012

This condition may be persistent and may prevent the system from starting correctly.

The uninstallation instructions are long and involved in the Knowledge Base articles as mentioned above, but users are recommended to uninstall the buggy update as soon as possible.

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Cryptography Expert Says, 'PGP Encryption is Fundamentally Broken, Time for PGP to Die'

A Senior cryptography expert has claimed multiple issues with PGP email encryption - an open sourceend-to-end encryption to secure email.

Before continuing, I would like to clarify that covering this topic doesn't mean you should stop using PGP encryption, instead we are bringing to you what Security researcher has argued about its fundamental implications.

PGP or Pretty Good Privacy, a program written in 1991, uses symmetric public key cryptography and hashing that allow both Privacy and Security, as well as Authenticity. Privacy and Security ensure users to exchange messages securely and Authenticity proves the origin of those messages.

But PGP is a complicated multi-step process, which requires users to keep track of the public keys of other users in order to communicate. Despite clumsiness of the PGP implementation, the popular Internet giants such as Google and Yahoo! have looked forward to integrate it into their popular email services.

A respected research professor Matthew Green, who lectures in computer science and cryptography at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland, argued that it's "time for PGP to die", describing the high-quality software as "downright unpleasant".


KEY MANAGEMENT ISSUES
According to the researcher, PGP key management "sucks." As Green says, "Transparent (or at least translucent) key management is the hallmark of every successful end-to-end secure encryption system."

Also, he says that there is "the need to trust a central authority to distribute keys," and as we know that Google, Yahoo and other major email providers will soon offer PGP encryption for their users, i.e., in other words, they will become the central authority to distribute the keys among their users.

So, one possible consequence of this is that users could be tricked into accepting a false replacement key from a key server or in some other way confuse their key management to the point of corrupting a communication path that used to be safe and allowing a man in the middle into the game. Assume, just in case if these central authorities are given order by law enforcement agencies or government to perform this task, your game is over.


SECRECY ISSUES
Green also complained that there's no forward secrecy, which means that if my private key is obtained by any intruder, it can be used to decrypt all my previously encrypted files and personal messages as well. But according to the researcher, the criticism is of "terrible mail client implementations."
“Many PGP-enabled mail clients make it ridiculously easy to send confidential messages with encryption turned off, to send unimportant messages with encryption turned on, to accidentally send to the wrong person's key (or the wrong subkey within a given person's key),” he wrote. “They demand you encrypt your key with a passphrase, but routinely bug you to enter that passphrase in order to sign outgoing mail -- exposing your decryption keys in memory even when you're not reading secure email.”
It's surprising that we have come a long way since the 1990s, but the usability of PGP has improved just a little. The Federal Government was so alarmed of people communicating securely using PGP email encryption that they started a criminal investigation of Phil Zimmerman, who offered PGP in 1991.


KEY USABILITY ISSUES
Researcher says that the problem lies in the nature of “PGP public keys” themselves, which are large and contain lots of extraneous information, therefore are really difficult to either print the keys on a business card or manually compare them.
“You can write this off to a quirk of older technology, but even modern elliptic curve implementations still produce surprisingly large keys,” Green wrote in his personal blog post. “Since PGP keys aren't designed for humans, you need to move them electronically. But of course humans still need to verify the authenticity of received keys, as accepting an attacker-provided public key can be catastrophic.”
“PGP addresses this with a hodgepodge of key servers and public key fingerprints. These components respectively provide (untrustworthy) data transfer and a short token that human beings can manually verify. While in theory this is sound, in practice it adds complexity, which is always the enemy of security.”
At the beginning of the month, Yahoo! announced to support end-to-end encryption using a fork of Google's secure end-to-end email extension. The outcome is that both Gmail and Yahoo! Mail are moving towards support PGP for encrypting mail. "As transparent and user-friendly as the new email extensions are, they're fundamentally just reimplementations of OpenPGP - and non-legacy-compatible ones, too," Green states.

According to Green, the solution of the problem is to stop plugging encryption software into today's plaintext email systems, and instead build networks that are designed from the base level to protect messages from eavesdroppers. He suggested TextSecure and DarkMail as potentially interesting projects that are looking forward to this direction.

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Ini Dampak Handphone yang Susah Sinyal Bagi Para Remaja

Masa remaja adalah masa yang paling indah dimana kamu bisa mempunyai banyak teman, mempunyai banyak kegiatan positif yang seru dilakukan baik disekolah maupun diluar sekolah. Anak remaja juga memiliki cerita tersendiri dan pastinya handphone menjadi benda wajib yang sudah menjadi kebutuhan untuk berkomunikasi dan bersosialisasi.

Dalam kelancaran berkomunikasi pertimbangan remaja dalam memilih provider adalah tarif yang bersahabat dan juga sinyal yang kuat. Sinyal yang kuat sangat mempengaruhi dalam berkomunikasi, berikut akibatnya kalau susah sinyal buat para remaja :
1. Bikin Galau
Buat kamu yang punya pacar terkadang sering dibuat galau karena masalah sinyal yang susah. Nah, susah sinyal ini biasanya membuat kita berpikiran negatif karena sang pacar sulit dihubungi terlebih kalau gak bisa dihubunginnya sehabis marahan.
via www.vemale.com

2. Orang Tua Khawatir
Jika kamu pergi kemana-mana kadang orang tua sering mengontrol dengan telepon atau sms. Bila suatu saat sinyal di dalam mall sedang susah maka kamu bakalan sulit untuk dihubungin. Sulitnya dihubungi terkadang membuat orang tua khawatir kalau anaknya kenapa-napa.
via pact360.org

3. Kalah Eksis
Sinyal di smartphone kamu full, tapi sinyal untuk internetan down. Akibatnya kamu gak bisa update di berbagai akun media sosial seperti path, instagram, facebook, twitter bahkan beberapa chat di msgr gagal terkirim. Selain ngeselin hal ini tentunya ngebuat kamu ketinggalan momen karena kalah eksis dengan teman lainnya.
via icity.indosat.com

4. Salah Persepsi
Buat kamu yang hobi telepon-telponan sudah pasti sinyal yang jelek dapat mengganggu percakapan bahkan sinyal dengan suara yang putus-putus bisa membuat lawan bicara kamu salah persepsi.
via anishuchie.blogspot.com

5. Mati Total
Melemahnya sinyal membuat smartphone kamu bekerja lebih keras dalam pencarian sinyal. Akibatnya batre smartphone kamu cepat habis dalam waktu singkat, dan ketika ada keperluan mendesak hp kamu sudah tidak bisa digunakan karena mati total.
via anishuchie.blogspot.com

6. Susah Janjian
Ditempat-tempat gaul saat ini seperti mall atau bioskop kadang susah sekali sinyal. Akibatnya saat kamu janjian bertemu dengan teman akan sulit dihubungi dan kamupun susah dicari.
via id.openrice.com

Nah, jika kualitas sinyal di daerah kamu menurun maka kamu bisa melaporkannya kesinyaluntuksemua.com karena saat ini banyak banget oknum-oknum tidak bertanggung jawab yang memasang penguat sinyal ilegal

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Tim Riset Asal Denmark Kembangkan Koneksi Jaringan Berkecepatan 43Tbps

Upaya manusia untuk mendongkrak teknologi konektivitas terus berlangsung. USB 3.0 dengan kecepatan transfer 625 MB per detik terasa sudah lebih dari cukup. Kemudian koneksi jaringan komersial tercepat saat ini telah mencapai 100Gbps (atau 12,5GBps). Tapi untuk sebagian orang, bahkan belasan gigabyte per detik tak membuat mereka berpuas diri.

Memanfaatkan teknologi fiber optic terbaru, tim peneliti dari Technical University of Denmark (Universitas Teknik Denmark) berhasil memecahkan rekor baru kecepatan transfer data. Hasil karya mereka itu mampu ‘meluncurkan’ 43 terabit data dalam satu detik. Seperti yang pernah dibahas sebelumnya, bit dan byte adalah satuan yang sering tertukar. 43 terabit setara dengan 5,4 terabyte, atau 5.375 gigabyte.

Dengan demikian, jika Anda kebetulan berkesempatan untuk menguji jaringan fiber opticTechnical University of Denmark, Anda dapat memindahkan konten hard disk berkapasitas 1terabyte dalam waktu seperlima detik. Pada tahun 2009, para talenta yang sama sukses menembus batasan kecepatan 1Tbps.

Hal menarik tentang teknologi ini adalah tim DTU menggunakan koneksi ‘single-laser-single-fiber‘. Sebenarnya sudah ada banyak teknologi koneksi lain yang menawarkan kecepatan ribuanterabit (petabit) dalam satu detik, namun mayoritas dari mereka hanya merupakan eksperimen dan sangat sulit diimplementasikan secara komersil atau untuk kegunaan praktis.

DTU memanfaatkan filamen serat kaca tunggal yang memiliki channel-channel individual di dalamnya. Serat optik tersebut diproduksi oleh perusahaan telekomunikasi asal Jepang, NTT, dimana tiap serat memiliki tujuh buah ‘core‘. Beberapa tahun lalu, memproduksi fiber optic multi-core seperti ini terbukti sangat sulit dan memakan banyak biaya. Namun sekarang NTT sudah siap menyalurkannya dalam skala komersil.

Sayangnya selain teknologi fiber optic baru di atas, para peneliti asal Denmark itu belum mengungkapkan lebih detail bagaimana mereka menekan 5,4 terabyte data ke dalam sebuah serat optik. Berdasarkan penjelasan Extreme Tech, ada dua metode standar untuk mendongkrak kecepatan perpindahan data via fiber optic: SDM (spatial-division multiplexing) atau WDM (wavelength-division multiplexing).

Sekali lagi, bit (b) dan byte (B) adalah satuan yang terkadang cukup membingungkan bagi khalayak awam. Penyedia layanan internet biasanya menggunakan satuan bit sebagai strategi pemasaran karena jumlah angka akan terlihat lebih banyak. Satu byte setara dengan delapan bit. Keduanya berlaku dalam tingkatan satuan selanjutnya seperti megabyte (MB) dengan megabit(Mb), gigabyte (GB) dengan gigabit (Gb), terabyte (TB) dengan terabit (Tb), dan seterusnya.

Belum ada kabar lebih lanjut soal kapan teknologi fiber optic tersebut bisa dimanfaatkan oleh konsumen secara luas. Tapi satu hal yang pasti adalah saat ia dirilis, apa yang Technical University of Denmark berhasil ciptakan ini dapat merombak industri dunia komputer yang ada sekarang.

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bosan nge post tentang kedokteran

Malam semua bosan saya nge post tentang kedokteran melulu, mendingan ngepost tentang berita ter kini pastinya tentang teknologi,
berikut beritanya cekidot

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Perubahan Fisiologis Yang Terjadi Pada Saat Kehamilan

oke kali ini saya akan tentang perubahan fisiologis saat kehamilan sambungan yang kemarin :D

Ketika hamil akan banyak perubahan fisik pada tubuh wanita, perubahan tersebut terjadi karena respon tubuh terhadap kehamilan dimana organ-organ tubuh menyesuaikan kapasitas dengan bertambahnya tugas dan fungsi serta sebagai pemberitahuan bahwa perubahan tersebut terjadi sebagai tanda adanya sebuah proses.
Perubahan tersebut meliputi :

a. Perubahan uterus
Uterus akan mengalami pembesaran pada bulan-bulan pertama kehamilan yang dipengaruhi oleh peningkatan hormon estrogen dan progesteron. Uterus pada wanita yang tidak hamil kira-kira sebesar telur ayam atau kurang lebih 30 gram karena peningkatan hormon tersebut pada akhir kehamilan menjadi 1000 gram. Bentuk uterus pada bulan-bulan pertama kehamilan seperti buah alpukat, agak gepeng. Pada bulan keempat akan berbentuk bulat. Selanjutnya pada akhir kehamilan akan kembali seperti semula, lonjong seperti telur. (Wiknjosastro, 2005)

b. Serviks uteri

Serviks uteri pada kehamilan juga mengalami perubahan karena peningkatan hormon estrogen. Serviks lebih banyak mengandung jaringan ikat dan banyak mengandung kolagen, jaringan otot hanya 10 %. Akibat kadar estrogen meningkat dan dengan adanya hipervaskularisasi maka konsistensi serviks uteri menjadi lebih lunak. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

c. Vagina dan vulva
Pada vagina dan vulva mengalami perubahan akibat hormon estrogen . Hipervaskularisasi mengakibatkan vagina dan vulva tampak lebih merah, agak kebiruan ( livide ), tanda ini disebut juga tanda Chadwick. Pembuluh-pembuluh darah alat genetalia interna akan membesar karena oksigenasi dan nutrisi pada alat-alat genetalia tersebut meningkat. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

d. Payudara ( mamae)
Payudara akan membesar dan tegang akibat hormon somatomammotropin, estrogen, dan progesteron, akan tetapi belum mengeluarkan air susu. Estrogen menimbulkan hipertropi sistem saluran, sedangkan progesteron menembah sel-sel asinus pada payudara. Disamping itu, dibawah pengaruh progesteron dan somatomammotropin, terbentuk lemak di sekitar alveolus, sehingga payudara menjadi lebih besar. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

e. Sirkulasi darah ibu
Sirkulasi darah ibu dalam kehamilan dipengaruhi oleh adanya sirkulasi ke plasenta, uterus yang membesar dengan pembuluh-pembuluh darah yang membesar pula. Volume darah ibu dalam kehamilan bertambah secara fisiologi dengan adanya pencairan darah yang disebut hidremia. Volume darah akan bertambah banyak, kira-kira 25% dengan puncak kehamilan 32 minggu. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

f. Sistem respirasi ( pernafasan)
Pada wanita hamil sering ditemukan keluhan rasa sesak dan nafas pendek yang ditemukan pada kehamilan 32 minggu keatas, hal ini disebabkan karena usus-usus yang tertekan oleh uterus yang membesar kearah diafragma, sehingga diafragma tertekan dan kurang leluasa bergerak. Kebutuhan akan oksigen pada wanita hamil meningkat ± 20 % sehingga wanita hamil bernafas lebih dalam. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

g. Traktus digestivus ( pencernaan )
Pada bulan-bulan pertama kehamilan terdapat rasa enek (nausea). Mungkin ini akibat pada hormon estrogen yang meningkat. Tonus otot-otot digestivus menurun, sehingga motilitas seluruh traktus digestivus juga berkurang. Makanan lebih lama berada dilambung dan apa yang telah dicerna lebih lama berada diusus. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

h. Traktus urinarius ( perkemihan )
Pada bulan-bulan pertama kehamilan akan timbul keluhan sering buang air kecil, hal ini dikarenakan uterus yang mulai membesar. Keadaan ini akan hilang dengan makin tuanya usia kehamilan. Pada akhir kehamilan gejala ini akan timbul lagi karena kandung kemih mulai tegang lagi bila kepala janin mulai turun kearah pintu panggul. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

i. Kulit
Kulit mengalami hiperpigmentasi yang biasa terdapat pada dahi, hidung yang dikenal sebagai kloasma gravidarum. Pada areola mammae, linea alba dikenal dengan linea gisea. Hal ini disebabkan karena terjadinya peningkata melanophore stimulating hormon (MSH). (Winkjosastro, 2005)

j. Berat badan bertambah
Peningkatan berat badan ibu selama kehamilan menandakan adaptasi ibu terhadap pertumbuhan janin. Berat badan wanita hamil akan naik kira-kira antara 6,5 kg – 16,5 kg atau rata-rata 12,5 kg selama hamil atau terjadi kenaikan berat badan sekitar 1,5 kg per minggu. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

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PREGNANCY (Kehamilan)

1. Definisi

Kehamilan adalah suatu proses yang dimulai dari konsepi sampai dari mulai nya persalinan atau lahirnya janin. Lamanya kehamilan yaitu 280 hari atau 40 minggu. Dihitung dari hari pertama haid terakhir.
(Mochtar, 2001)
Kehamilan normal meruakan kehamilan yang tidak mengalami gejala-gejala atau kelainan maupun komplikasi dari usia kehamilan 280 hari (40 minggu atau 9 bulan 7 hari), dihitung dari hari pertama haid terakhir / HPHT. (Saifudin, 2002)

2. Proses Terjadinya Kehamilan
Kehamilan terjadi jika ada pertemuan dan persenyawaan antara sel telur atau ovum dan sel mani atau spermatozoa. Dalm air main terdapat spermatozoa sebanyak 100-12 juta tiap cc, kerena memiliki ekor yang dapat bergerak, maka dalam satu jam saja spermatozoa dapat melalui kanalis servikalis dalam kavum uteri kemudian berada dalam tuba falopii. Apabila pada saat bersamaan terjadi ovulasi maka vertilisasi mungkin dapat terjadi. Apabila fertilisasi terjadi maka sel telur akan disebut zygote dan zygote inilah yang akan berkembang menjadi janin atau fetus. (Sastrawinata, 1983)

3. Usia Kehamilan
Tuanya usia dalam kehamilan disebut dalam satuan minggu dan terbagi dalam tiga trimester, yaitu :
a. Trimester I antara 0 – 12 minggu
b. Trimester II antara 12 – 28 minggu
c. Trimester III antara 28 – 40 minggu (Mochtar, 2001)

4. Gejala dan Tanda Kehamilan

A. Tanda dan gejala perkiraan kehamilan

Tanda perkiraan kehamilan atau dugaan hamil berdasarkan pada data subjektif yang dirasakan oleh klien tetapi tidak dapat dideteksi tanpa didukung dengan adanya data objektif.
Tanda dan gejala meliputi :
1) Amenorea ( tidak dapat haid )
Gejala awal yang biasa terjadi antara lain tidak mendapat haid. Hal ini merupakan gejala awal yang penting agar dapat menentukan tuanya dan tafsiran persalinan dengan cara mengingat hari pertama haid terakhir.
2) Mual dan muntah (nausea dan vomiting)
Wanita hamil biasanya akan mengeluh merasa mual atau enek dan terkadang diikuti dengan adanya muntah. Gejala ini terjadi karena adanya peningkatan kadar hormon estrogen dan progesteron yang mempengaruhi peningkatan asam lambung, sehingga menimbulkan mual muntah.
3) Mengidam
Tidak seluruh wanita mengalami gejala ini, namun pada umumnya wanita hamil sering menginginkan makanan atau minuman terentu, hal ini disebut dengan ngidam.
4) Payudara / mamae terasa membesar dan tegang
Payudara membasar, tegang dan sedikit nyeri yang disebabkan pengaruh hormon estrogen dan progesteron yang merangsang duktus alveoli payudaya. Kelenjar montgomery terlihat lebih membesar.
5) Anoreksia ( tidak adanya nafsu makan )
Terjadi pada bulan-bulan pertama kehamilan dan akan hilang dengan tuanya kehamilan.
6) Sinkope ( pingsan )
Gejala ini sering dijumpai apabila wanita tersebut berada di tempat-tempat yang ramai, dianjurkan untuk tidak pergi ke tempat-tempat yang ramai. Hal ini terjadi karena gangguan sirkulasi ke daerah (sentral) menyebabkan iskemia susunan syaraf pusat dan menimbulkan sinkope atau pingsan, keadaan ini akan menghilang setelah umur kehamilan 16 minggu.
7) Sering berkemih
Ketika hamil kadung kemih akan tertekan oleh pembesaran rahim, hal ini yang menyebabkan seringnya buang air kecil. Gejala ini akan hilang pada trimester kedua dan pada akhir kehamilan akan timbul kembali, karena kandung kemih ditekan oleh kepala janin yang sudah mulai turun ke rongga panggul.
8) Obstipasi ( susah buang air besar )
Gejala ini terjadi karena tonus otot menurun yang disebabkan oleh terhambatnya peristaltic usus yang terjadi karena peningkatan progesterone.
9) Pigmentasi pada kulit terdapat pada:
a) Muka ( pipi, hidung dan dahi ) serta leher
b) Dinding perut akan timbul striae nigra, linea alba yang makin menghitam.
10) Epulis
Merupakan hipertropi papilla ginggivae dan sering terjadi pada trimester pertama kehamilan.
11) Varises
Terjadi karena pengaruh estrogen dan progesteron dan sering didapat pada daerah genetalia eksterna, betis, dan kaki.
(Wiknjosastro, 2005)

B. Tanda-tanda kemungkinan hamil
Tanda-tanda kemungkinan hamil berdasarkan pada data objektif yang dapat di dokumentasikan oleh pemeriksa. Tanda ini lebih nyata dari tanda dan gejala perkiraan kehamilan, namun meskipun demikian tanda ini tetap bukan merupakan temuan diagnostik yang pasti.
Tanda-tandanya antara lain:
1) Perut membesar sesuai dengan tuanya kehamilan. Perubahan terjadi dalam bentuk besar dan konsistensi perut juga mengalami perubahan.
2) Tanda hegar ( segmen bawah rahim melunak ), terjadi pada daerah istmus uteri, bagian ini menjadi sangat lunak sehingga bila dilakukan pemeriksaan dalam pada fornix posterior seperti saling bersentuhan.
3) Tanda Chadwicks merupakan warna kebiruan pada vagina yang terjadi karena pelebaran pembuluh darah.
4) Tanda Piskacek ( uterus besar dan lunak ), merupakan pembesaran fundus uteri yang tidak rata karena daerah implantasi janin akan tumbuh lebih cepat.
5) Kontraksi Braxton-hicks, keadaan dimana corpus uteri menjadi lebih keras.
6) Teraba ballotemen.
7) Pemeriksaan tes kehamilan positif.

C. Tanda pasti hamil
1) Adanya gerakan janin dalam rahim.
2) Terdengar bunyi jantung janin.
3) Rangka janin terlihat melalui sinar rongent ketika dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan ultrasonografi ( USG ).
(Mochtar, 2001)

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PREGNANCY & BIRTH

Hari ini saya akan membagi kepada kalian tentang blok PREGNANCY & BIRTH (kehamilan dan kelahiran). Di universitas saya blok ini di hadirkan dengan niai sks 6.

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Menurut seorang pejabat Pemerintah China, seperti dilansir dari Bloomberg, pihaknya tidak akan lagi menggunakan perangkat Apple karena alasan keamanan. Beijing khawatir, pemerintah Amerika Serikat telah berhasil menyusup ke sistem perangkat Apple melalui metode ‘backdoor’, meski Apple sudah membantahnya berulang kali.

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