UNDERSTANDING BUSINESS BY EXPERTS

 

   In economics, business is an organization that sells goods or services to consumers or other businesses, for a profit. Historically the business of the English word business, busy from the word which means "busy" in the context of the individual, community, or society. In that sense, busy with activities and work that generates revenue. 

     In capitalist economies, where most businesses are owned by private parties, business set up to make a profit and increase the prosperity of their owners. The owner and operator of a business get rewarded according to the time, effort, or capital they provide. But not all businesses pursuing this advantage, such as business co-operative that aims to improve the welfare of all its members or government institution that aims to improve the welfare of the people. This business model contrasts with the socialistic system, in which large businesses are mostly owned by the government, the public, or unions.

     Etymologically, the business means a state in which a person or group of people busy melkakukan jobs that generate profits. The word "business" itself has three uses, depending skupnya - singular use of the word can refer to business entities, namely the unity of the juridical (legal), technical, economical and aiming for profit or gain. Wider use can refer to a particular market sector, such as "television business." Most widespread use refers to all activities undertaken by community providers of goods and services. Nevertheless, the definition of "business" right is still a matter of debate to this day.

Here are a few definitions Business According to the experts: 

1. Huat, Chwee T (1990) 

Business in the broadest sense is a general term that describes all of the activities and institutions that produce goods and services in everyday life. Business as a system that produces goods and services to satisfy the needs of the community (bussinessis then simply a system that produces goods and service to satisfy the needs of our society. 

2 Steinford (1979) 

Business is an institution the which produces goods and services DEMANDED by people. "That business is an organization that produces goods and services required by the community. If the community needs to increase, the agency will also increase business development to meet those needs, while gaining profits. 

3 Griffin and Ebert (1996) 

"Business is all Reviews those activities INVOLVED in providing the goods and services needed or Desired by people". In this sense as a business activity that provides goods or services needed or desired by the consumer. Can be done by corporate organizations that have a legal entity, a company that has business entities, and individuals who do not have the legal entities and business entities such as street vendors, food stalls do not have a location permit (SITU) and Business Permit (License) and other informal business.

4. Hughes and Kapoor 

"Business is an organization that provides goods or services in order toearn in profit". In line with this definition, business activities through the provision of goods and services intended to generate profit (profit). A company is said to produce a profit if total revenue on a period (Total Revenues) is greater than the total cost (Total Costs) in the same period. Profit is the main attraction for the conduct of business activities, so through profit businesses can develop scale efforts to promote greater profits. 

5. Allan Afuah (2004) 

"Business is the organized effort of individuals to produce and sell for a provit, the goods and services that satisfy societies needs. The general terms of business refer to all such Efforts within a society or within an industry. That business is an individual business activities organized to produce and sell goods and services in order to gain advantage in meeting the needs of the community and in the industry. People who seek money and time to take the risk in running a business called Entrepreneur. 

6. Glos, Steade and Lowry (1996) 

Business is a set of activities undertaken to create a way to develop and transform various power cracked into goods or services that consumers want. 

7 Musselman and Jackson (1992) 

Is the sum of all activities organized by people who have been in the field of commerce and industry that provide goods and services to the need to maintain and improve standards and the quality of their lives. 

8. Mahmud Machfoed 

Business is a trading business conducted by a group of people organized to gain profit by producing and selling goods or services to meet the needs of consumers. 

9 Brown and Petrello (1976) 

"Business is an institution the which produces goods and service DEMANDED by people." That business is an organization that produces goods and services required by the community. If the community needs to increase, the agency will also increase business development to meet those needs, while gaining profits. 

10 Steinford (1979) 

"Business is all Reviews those activities INVOLVED in providing the goods and services needed or Desired by people." In this sense as a business activity that provides goods or services needed or desired by the consumer. Can be done by corporate organizations who have a legal entity, a company that has business entities, and individuals who do not have a legal entity or business entity such as street vendors, food stalls do not have a location permit (SITU) and Business Permit (License) and other informal business. 

11. Griffin and Ebert (1996) 

"Business is an organization that provides goods or services in order to earn in profit." History with the definition, business activities through the provision of goods and services aimed at generating prifit or (profit). A company is said to produce a profit if total revenue on a period (Total Revenues) is greater than the total cost (Total Costs) in the same period. Profit is the main attraction for the conduct of business activities, so through profit businesses can develop scale efforts to promote greater profits. 

12. Hughes and Kapoor 

"Business is the organized effort of individuals to produce and sell for a profit, the good and services that satisfy societies needs. The general terms of business refer to all such Efforts within an industry. That business is a an individual business activities organized to produce and sell goods and services in order to gain advantage in meeting the needs of society and in industry. People who mengusahan money and time to take the risk in running a business called Entrepreneur. 

13. Allan Affuah (2004) 

Business is a set of activities undertaken to create a way to develop and transform the resources into goods or services that consumers want. 

14. Glos, Steade and Lowry (1996) 

Is the sum of all activities organized by people who have been in the field of commerce and industry that provide goods and services to the need to maintain and improve standards and the quality of their lives. 

15. Musselman and Jackson (1992) 

An activity that meets the needs and economic communities and the company is organized to engage in such activities.

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Microsoft Says to Uninstall August Patch Updates, Causing 'Blue Screen of Death' Monday

Microsoft on Friday quietly urged its users to uninstall the most recent round of security updates, after reports emerged that it crippled their computers with the infamous “Blue Screens of Death” (BSoD), which is really a matter of shame for one of the largest technology giants.

Microsoft released security updates on its August Patch Tuesday that addressed privilege escalation vulnerabilities but an apparent font cache clearing issue caused Windows boxes to turn the colour of the screen to Blue.
The tech giant forced to make this decision after hundreds of complaints, regarding the infamous Blue Screen of Death error, were sent to the company. This was not the only update to be made last week.

The offending Microsoft patch identified as MS 14-045, one of the nine updates which fixes three security issues including one in the Windows kernel - the heart of the operating system - can cause system crashes forcing users to reboot it.
Soon after the initial release of the patch, the issue surfaced on Microsoft’s support forum with a post from a member named Xformer complaining of "Stop 0x50 errors," aka blue screen after applying any of four updates (KB2982791 KB2970228 KB2975719 or KB2975331).

If you update your Windows with the update, a message flashed on the screen that reads: “Your PC ran into a problem and needs to restart. We’re just collecting some error info and then we’ll restart for you (0% complete).”

"Installation went smoothly. After rebooting everything worked fine. But when I shut down my notebook and switched it on a little later it came up with a blue screen with a Stop 0x50 in Win32k.sys. I could not even boot into safe mode as Windows failed to start no matter which mode chose", Xformer explained on Microsoft's support discussion forum.

The vast majority of complaints came from the users running Windows 7 PCs with the 64bit version, and as a response, Microsoft published a FAQ for the update which includes an official and detailed explanation stated:

“Microsoft revised this bulletin to address known issues associated with installation of security update 2982791. Microsoft is investigating behavior associated with the installation of this update, and will update this bulletin when more information becomes available. Microsoft recommends that customers uninstall this update.”

An additional precaution from the company’s side is that it has removed the download links to the 2982791 security update. How to uninstall this update, see Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 2982791.

Microsoft asserts that investigations are ongoing, following the instructions to uninstall the updates. According to the company, the issue could also be the result of three prior updates, from which #3 is the most severe:

KNOWN ISSUE 3
Microsoft is investigating behavior in which systems may crash with a 0x50 Stop error message (bugcheck) after any of the following updates are installed:

2982791 MS14-045: Description of the security update for kernel-mode drivers: August 12, 2014
2970228 Update to support the new currency symbol for the Russian ruble in Windows
2975719 August 2014 update rollup for Windows RT 8.1, Windows 8.1, and Windows Server 2012 R2
2975331 August 2014 update rollup for Windows RT, Windows 8, and Windows Server 2012

This condition may be persistent and may prevent the system from starting correctly.

The uninstallation instructions are long and involved in the Knowledge Base articles as mentioned above, but users are recommended to uninstall the buggy update as soon as possible.

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Cryptography Expert Says, 'PGP Encryption is Fundamentally Broken, Time for PGP to Die'

A Senior cryptography expert has claimed multiple issues with PGP email encryption - an open sourceend-to-end encryption to secure email.

Before continuing, I would like to clarify that covering this topic doesn't mean you should stop using PGP encryption, instead we are bringing to you what Security researcher has argued about its fundamental implications.

PGP or Pretty Good Privacy, a program written in 1991, uses symmetric public key cryptography and hashing that allow both Privacy and Security, as well as Authenticity. Privacy and Security ensure users to exchange messages securely and Authenticity proves the origin of those messages.

But PGP is a complicated multi-step process, which requires users to keep track of the public keys of other users in order to communicate. Despite clumsiness of the PGP implementation, the popular Internet giants such as Google and Yahoo! have looked forward to integrate it into their popular email services.

A respected research professor Matthew Green, who lectures in computer science and cryptography at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland, argued that it's "time for PGP to die", describing the high-quality software as "downright unpleasant".


KEY MANAGEMENT ISSUES
According to the researcher, PGP key management "sucks." As Green says, "Transparent (or at least translucent) key management is the hallmark of every successful end-to-end secure encryption system."

Also, he says that there is "the need to trust a central authority to distribute keys," and as we know that Google, Yahoo and other major email providers will soon offer PGP encryption for their users, i.e., in other words, they will become the central authority to distribute the keys among their users.

So, one possible consequence of this is that users could be tricked into accepting a false replacement key from a key server or in some other way confuse their key management to the point of corrupting a communication path that used to be safe and allowing a man in the middle into the game. Assume, just in case if these central authorities are given order by law enforcement agencies or government to perform this task, your game is over.


SECRECY ISSUES
Green also complained that there's no forward secrecy, which means that if my private key is obtained by any intruder, it can be used to decrypt all my previously encrypted files and personal messages as well. But according to the researcher, the criticism is of "terrible mail client implementations."
“Many PGP-enabled mail clients make it ridiculously easy to send confidential messages with encryption turned off, to send unimportant messages with encryption turned on, to accidentally send to the wrong person's key (or the wrong subkey within a given person's key),” he wrote. “They demand you encrypt your key with a passphrase, but routinely bug you to enter that passphrase in order to sign outgoing mail -- exposing your decryption keys in memory even when you're not reading secure email.”
It's surprising that we have come a long way since the 1990s, but the usability of PGP has improved just a little. The Federal Government was so alarmed of people communicating securely using PGP email encryption that they started a criminal investigation of Phil Zimmerman, who offered PGP in 1991.


KEY USABILITY ISSUES
Researcher says that the problem lies in the nature of “PGP public keys” themselves, which are large and contain lots of extraneous information, therefore are really difficult to either print the keys on a business card or manually compare them.
“You can write this off to a quirk of older technology, but even modern elliptic curve implementations still produce surprisingly large keys,” Green wrote in his personal blog post. “Since PGP keys aren't designed for humans, you need to move them electronically. But of course humans still need to verify the authenticity of received keys, as accepting an attacker-provided public key can be catastrophic.”
“PGP addresses this with a hodgepodge of key servers and public key fingerprints. These components respectively provide (untrustworthy) data transfer and a short token that human beings can manually verify. While in theory this is sound, in practice it adds complexity, which is always the enemy of security.”
At the beginning of the month, Yahoo! announced to support end-to-end encryption using a fork of Google's secure end-to-end email extension. The outcome is that both Gmail and Yahoo! Mail are moving towards support PGP for encrypting mail. "As transparent and user-friendly as the new email extensions are, they're fundamentally just reimplementations of OpenPGP - and non-legacy-compatible ones, too," Green states.

According to Green, the solution of the problem is to stop plugging encryption software into today's plaintext email systems, and instead build networks that are designed from the base level to protect messages from eavesdroppers. He suggested TextSecure and DarkMail as potentially interesting projects that are looking forward to this direction.

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Ini Dampak Handphone yang Susah Sinyal Bagi Para Remaja

Masa remaja adalah masa yang paling indah dimana kamu bisa mempunyai banyak teman, mempunyai banyak kegiatan positif yang seru dilakukan baik disekolah maupun diluar sekolah. Anak remaja juga memiliki cerita tersendiri dan pastinya handphone menjadi benda wajib yang sudah menjadi kebutuhan untuk berkomunikasi dan bersosialisasi.

Dalam kelancaran berkomunikasi pertimbangan remaja dalam memilih provider adalah tarif yang bersahabat dan juga sinyal yang kuat. Sinyal yang kuat sangat mempengaruhi dalam berkomunikasi, berikut akibatnya kalau susah sinyal buat para remaja :
1. Bikin Galau
Buat kamu yang punya pacar terkadang sering dibuat galau karena masalah sinyal yang susah. Nah, susah sinyal ini biasanya membuat kita berpikiran negatif karena sang pacar sulit dihubungi terlebih kalau gak bisa dihubunginnya sehabis marahan.
via www.vemale.com

2. Orang Tua Khawatir
Jika kamu pergi kemana-mana kadang orang tua sering mengontrol dengan telepon atau sms. Bila suatu saat sinyal di dalam mall sedang susah maka kamu bakalan sulit untuk dihubungin. Sulitnya dihubungi terkadang membuat orang tua khawatir kalau anaknya kenapa-napa.
via pact360.org

3. Kalah Eksis
Sinyal di smartphone kamu full, tapi sinyal untuk internetan down. Akibatnya kamu gak bisa update di berbagai akun media sosial seperti path, instagram, facebook, twitter bahkan beberapa chat di msgr gagal terkirim. Selain ngeselin hal ini tentunya ngebuat kamu ketinggalan momen karena kalah eksis dengan teman lainnya.
via icity.indosat.com

4. Salah Persepsi
Buat kamu yang hobi telepon-telponan sudah pasti sinyal yang jelek dapat mengganggu percakapan bahkan sinyal dengan suara yang putus-putus bisa membuat lawan bicara kamu salah persepsi.
via anishuchie.blogspot.com

5. Mati Total
Melemahnya sinyal membuat smartphone kamu bekerja lebih keras dalam pencarian sinyal. Akibatnya batre smartphone kamu cepat habis dalam waktu singkat, dan ketika ada keperluan mendesak hp kamu sudah tidak bisa digunakan karena mati total.
via anishuchie.blogspot.com

6. Susah Janjian
Ditempat-tempat gaul saat ini seperti mall atau bioskop kadang susah sekali sinyal. Akibatnya saat kamu janjian bertemu dengan teman akan sulit dihubungi dan kamupun susah dicari.
via id.openrice.com

Nah, jika kualitas sinyal di daerah kamu menurun maka kamu bisa melaporkannya kesinyaluntuksemua.com karena saat ini banyak banget oknum-oknum tidak bertanggung jawab yang memasang penguat sinyal ilegal

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Tim Riset Asal Denmark Kembangkan Koneksi Jaringan Berkecepatan 43Tbps

Upaya manusia untuk mendongkrak teknologi konektivitas terus berlangsung. USB 3.0 dengan kecepatan transfer 625 MB per detik terasa sudah lebih dari cukup. Kemudian koneksi jaringan komersial tercepat saat ini telah mencapai 100Gbps (atau 12,5GBps). Tapi untuk sebagian orang, bahkan belasan gigabyte per detik tak membuat mereka berpuas diri.

Memanfaatkan teknologi fiber optic terbaru, tim peneliti dari Technical University of Denmark (Universitas Teknik Denmark) berhasil memecahkan rekor baru kecepatan transfer data. Hasil karya mereka itu mampu ‘meluncurkan’ 43 terabit data dalam satu detik. Seperti yang pernah dibahas sebelumnya, bit dan byte adalah satuan yang sering tertukar. 43 terabit setara dengan 5,4 terabyte, atau 5.375 gigabyte.

Dengan demikian, jika Anda kebetulan berkesempatan untuk menguji jaringan fiber opticTechnical University of Denmark, Anda dapat memindahkan konten hard disk berkapasitas 1terabyte dalam waktu seperlima detik. Pada tahun 2009, para talenta yang sama sukses menembus batasan kecepatan 1Tbps.

Hal menarik tentang teknologi ini adalah tim DTU menggunakan koneksi ‘single-laser-single-fiber‘. Sebenarnya sudah ada banyak teknologi koneksi lain yang menawarkan kecepatan ribuanterabit (petabit) dalam satu detik, namun mayoritas dari mereka hanya merupakan eksperimen dan sangat sulit diimplementasikan secara komersil atau untuk kegunaan praktis.

DTU memanfaatkan filamen serat kaca tunggal yang memiliki channel-channel individual di dalamnya. Serat optik tersebut diproduksi oleh perusahaan telekomunikasi asal Jepang, NTT, dimana tiap serat memiliki tujuh buah ‘core‘. Beberapa tahun lalu, memproduksi fiber optic multi-core seperti ini terbukti sangat sulit dan memakan banyak biaya. Namun sekarang NTT sudah siap menyalurkannya dalam skala komersil.

Sayangnya selain teknologi fiber optic baru di atas, para peneliti asal Denmark itu belum mengungkapkan lebih detail bagaimana mereka menekan 5,4 terabyte data ke dalam sebuah serat optik. Berdasarkan penjelasan Extreme Tech, ada dua metode standar untuk mendongkrak kecepatan perpindahan data via fiber optic: SDM (spatial-division multiplexing) atau WDM (wavelength-division multiplexing).

Sekali lagi, bit (b) dan byte (B) adalah satuan yang terkadang cukup membingungkan bagi khalayak awam. Penyedia layanan internet biasanya menggunakan satuan bit sebagai strategi pemasaran karena jumlah angka akan terlihat lebih banyak. Satu byte setara dengan delapan bit. Keduanya berlaku dalam tingkatan satuan selanjutnya seperti megabyte (MB) dengan megabit(Mb), gigabyte (GB) dengan gigabit (Gb), terabyte (TB) dengan terabit (Tb), dan seterusnya.

Belum ada kabar lebih lanjut soal kapan teknologi fiber optic tersebut bisa dimanfaatkan oleh konsumen secara luas. Tapi satu hal yang pasti adalah saat ia dirilis, apa yang Technical University of Denmark berhasil ciptakan ini dapat merombak industri dunia komputer yang ada sekarang.

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bosan nge post tentang kedokteran

Malam semua bosan saya nge post tentang kedokteran melulu, mendingan ngepost tentang berita ter kini pastinya tentang teknologi,
berikut beritanya cekidot

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Perubahan Fisiologis Yang Terjadi Pada Saat Kehamilan

oke kali ini saya akan tentang perubahan fisiologis saat kehamilan sambungan yang kemarin :D

Ketika hamil akan banyak perubahan fisik pada tubuh wanita, perubahan tersebut terjadi karena respon tubuh terhadap kehamilan dimana organ-organ tubuh menyesuaikan kapasitas dengan bertambahnya tugas dan fungsi serta sebagai pemberitahuan bahwa perubahan tersebut terjadi sebagai tanda adanya sebuah proses.
Perubahan tersebut meliputi :

a. Perubahan uterus
Uterus akan mengalami pembesaran pada bulan-bulan pertama kehamilan yang dipengaruhi oleh peningkatan hormon estrogen dan progesteron. Uterus pada wanita yang tidak hamil kira-kira sebesar telur ayam atau kurang lebih 30 gram karena peningkatan hormon tersebut pada akhir kehamilan menjadi 1000 gram. Bentuk uterus pada bulan-bulan pertama kehamilan seperti buah alpukat, agak gepeng. Pada bulan keempat akan berbentuk bulat. Selanjutnya pada akhir kehamilan akan kembali seperti semula, lonjong seperti telur. (Wiknjosastro, 2005)

b. Serviks uteri

Serviks uteri pada kehamilan juga mengalami perubahan karena peningkatan hormon estrogen. Serviks lebih banyak mengandung jaringan ikat dan banyak mengandung kolagen, jaringan otot hanya 10 %. Akibat kadar estrogen meningkat dan dengan adanya hipervaskularisasi maka konsistensi serviks uteri menjadi lebih lunak. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

c. Vagina dan vulva
Pada vagina dan vulva mengalami perubahan akibat hormon estrogen . Hipervaskularisasi mengakibatkan vagina dan vulva tampak lebih merah, agak kebiruan ( livide ), tanda ini disebut juga tanda Chadwick. Pembuluh-pembuluh darah alat genetalia interna akan membesar karena oksigenasi dan nutrisi pada alat-alat genetalia tersebut meningkat. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

d. Payudara ( mamae)
Payudara akan membesar dan tegang akibat hormon somatomammotropin, estrogen, dan progesteron, akan tetapi belum mengeluarkan air susu. Estrogen menimbulkan hipertropi sistem saluran, sedangkan progesteron menembah sel-sel asinus pada payudara. Disamping itu, dibawah pengaruh progesteron dan somatomammotropin, terbentuk lemak di sekitar alveolus, sehingga payudara menjadi lebih besar. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

e. Sirkulasi darah ibu
Sirkulasi darah ibu dalam kehamilan dipengaruhi oleh adanya sirkulasi ke plasenta, uterus yang membesar dengan pembuluh-pembuluh darah yang membesar pula. Volume darah ibu dalam kehamilan bertambah secara fisiologi dengan adanya pencairan darah yang disebut hidremia. Volume darah akan bertambah banyak, kira-kira 25% dengan puncak kehamilan 32 minggu. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

f. Sistem respirasi ( pernafasan)
Pada wanita hamil sering ditemukan keluhan rasa sesak dan nafas pendek yang ditemukan pada kehamilan 32 minggu keatas, hal ini disebabkan karena usus-usus yang tertekan oleh uterus yang membesar kearah diafragma, sehingga diafragma tertekan dan kurang leluasa bergerak. Kebutuhan akan oksigen pada wanita hamil meningkat ± 20 % sehingga wanita hamil bernafas lebih dalam. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

g. Traktus digestivus ( pencernaan )
Pada bulan-bulan pertama kehamilan terdapat rasa enek (nausea). Mungkin ini akibat pada hormon estrogen yang meningkat. Tonus otot-otot digestivus menurun, sehingga motilitas seluruh traktus digestivus juga berkurang. Makanan lebih lama berada dilambung dan apa yang telah dicerna lebih lama berada diusus. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

h. Traktus urinarius ( perkemihan )
Pada bulan-bulan pertama kehamilan akan timbul keluhan sering buang air kecil, hal ini dikarenakan uterus yang mulai membesar. Keadaan ini akan hilang dengan makin tuanya usia kehamilan. Pada akhir kehamilan gejala ini akan timbul lagi karena kandung kemih mulai tegang lagi bila kepala janin mulai turun kearah pintu panggul. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

i. Kulit
Kulit mengalami hiperpigmentasi yang biasa terdapat pada dahi, hidung yang dikenal sebagai kloasma gravidarum. Pada areola mammae, linea alba dikenal dengan linea gisea. Hal ini disebabkan karena terjadinya peningkata melanophore stimulating hormon (MSH). (Winkjosastro, 2005)

j. Berat badan bertambah
Peningkatan berat badan ibu selama kehamilan menandakan adaptasi ibu terhadap pertumbuhan janin. Berat badan wanita hamil akan naik kira-kira antara 6,5 kg – 16,5 kg atau rata-rata 12,5 kg selama hamil atau terjadi kenaikan berat badan sekitar 1,5 kg per minggu. (Winkjosastro, 2005)

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